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ground-to-air - перевод на голландский
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![A ''Wasserfall'' missile lifts off during a test flight.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bundesarchiv Bild 141-1898, Peenemünde, Start Fla-Rakete "Wasserfall".jpg?width=200 "A ''Wasserfall'' missile lifts off during a test flight.")
![IFF antennas.]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/JASDF Type91 SAM, in Alaska(USAF photo 080613-F-4127S-012).jpg?width=200 "IFF antennas.]]")
.jpg?width=200 "date=23 September 2010}}</ref>")
![Long-range SAMs like the [[RIM-161]] are an important part of modern naval forces.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Night launch of a RIM-161 Standard SM-3.jpg?width=200 "Long-range SAMs like the [[RIM-161]] are an important part of modern naval forces.")
![[[Nike Ajax]] was the first operational SAM system.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nike ajax 32.jpg?width=200 "[[Nike Ajax]] was the first operational SAM system.")
![An S-75 detonates directly below an RF-4C [[reconnaissance plane]]. The crew ejected and were taken captive.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/RF-4C Phantom II of the 11th TRS is shot down by a S-75 missile over Vietnam, 12 August 1967.jpg?width=200 "An S-75 detonates directly below an RF-4C [[reconnaissance plane]]. The crew ejected and were taken captive.")
![[[SA-2 Guideline]] surface-to-air missiles, one of the most widely deployed SAM systems in the world](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SA-2 Guideline.JPG?width=200 "[[SA-2 Guideline]] surface-to-air missiles, one of the most widely deployed SAM systems in the world")
![Starstreak]] laser-guided surface-to-air missile of the [[British Army]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Starstreak.JPG?width=200 "Starstreak]] laser-guided surface-to-air missile of the [[British Army]].")
![A [[U.S. Marine]] antiaircraft gunner aims his ''Stinger'' at a location indicated by a spotter.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/USMC-090212-M-6603L-077.jpg?width=200 "A [[U.S. Marine]] antiaircraft gunner aims his ''Stinger'' at a location indicated by a spotter.")
![A pilot inspects an [[AGM-65 Maverick]] missile on his [[A-10 Thunderbolt II]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/AGM-65 Maverick2.jpg?width=200 "A pilot inspects an [[AGM-65 Maverick]] missile on his [[A-10 Thunderbolt II]].")
![The [[RAF]]'s [[Brimstone missile]] is a [[fire and forget]] [[anti-tank missile]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Missile MBDA Brimstone.jpg?width=200 "The [[RAF]]'s [[Brimstone missile]] is a [[fire and forget]] [[anti-tank missile]].")
![Rudram-1]] is an [[Anti-radiation missile]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rudram-1.jpg?width=200 "Rudram-1]] is an [[Anti-radiation missile]].")
![Luftwaffe]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Taurus ILA2006.JPG?width=200 "Luftwaffe]].")
Определение
Википедия
A surface-to-air missile (SAM), also known as a ground-to-air missile (GTAM) or surface-to-air guided weapon (SAGW), is a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft or other missiles. It is one type of anti-aircraft system; in modern armed forces, missiles have replaced most other forms of dedicated anti-aircraft weapons, with anti-aircraft guns pushed into specialized roles.
The first attempt at SAM development took place during World War II, but no operational systems were introduced. Further development in the 1940s and 1950s led to operational systems being introduced by most major forces during the second half of the 1950s. Smaller systems, suitable for close-range work, evolved through the 1960s and 1970s, to modern systems that are man-portable. Shipborne systems followed the evolution of land-based models, starting with long-range weapons and steadily evolving toward smaller designs to provide a layered defence. This evolution of design increasingly pushed gun-based systems into the shortest-range roles.
The American Nike Ajax was the first operational guided missile SAM system, and the Soviet Union's S-75 Dvina was the most-produced SAM. Widely used modern examples include the Patriot and S-300 wide-area systems, SM-6 and MBDA Aster Missile naval missiles, and short-range man-portable systems like the Stinger and Strela-3.
